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- *****************************************************
- * Small cytokines (intercrine/chemokine) signatures *
- *****************************************************
-
- Many low-molecular weight factors secreted by cells including fibroblasts,
- macrophages and endothelial cells, in response to a variety of stimuli
- such as growth factors, interferons, viral transformation and bacterial
- products, are structurally related [1,2,3]. Most members of this family of
- proteins seem to have mitogenic, chemotactic or inflammatory activities. These
- small cytokines are also called intercrines or chemokines. They are cationic
- proteins of 70 to 100 amino acid residues that share four conserved cysteine
- residues involved in two disulfide bonds, as shown in the following schematic
- representation:
-
- +------------------------------------+
- | |
- xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCxCxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCxxxxxxxxxxxxCxxxxx
- | |
- +-------------------------+
-
- 'C': conserved cysteine involved in a disulfide bond.
-
- These proteins can be sorted into two groups based on the spacing of the two
- amino-terminal cysteines. In the first group, the two cysteines are separated
- by a single residue (C-x-C), while in the second group, they are adjacent
- (C-C).
-
- The 'C-x-C' group is currently known to consist of the following proteins:
-
- - Platelet factor 4 (PF4), a protein released from platelet alpha-granules as
- a complex with a proteoglycan molecule. PF4 neutralizes the anticoagulant
- effect of heparin because it binds more strongly to heparin than to the
- chondroitin-4-sulfate chains of the carrier molecule. PF4 is chemotactic
- for neutrophils and monocytes.
- - Platelet basic protein (PBP), which is the precursor of two active peptides:
- connective-tissue activating peptide III (CTAP III) (also known as low-
- affinity platelet factor IV (LA-PF4)) and beta-thromboglobulin. CTAP-III is
- a growth factor that stimulates a variety of specific metabolic and
- cellular activities.
- - Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a monokine which is released from monocytes by an
- inflammatory response and which is selectively chemotactic for neutrophils.
- IL-8 is also known as Monocyte-Derived Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor
- (MDNCF), or as Neutrophil Activating Protein 1 (NAP-1).
- - Melanoma growth stimulatory activity protein (MGSA), a growth factor with
- potent mitogenic activity. MGSA is also known as Neutrophil Activating
- Protein 3 (NAP-3) or as 'gro', as KC or N51 in mouse and as CICN in rat.
- - Macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), an extremely potent chemotactic
- agent for polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
- - Mouse Mig (m119), a gamma-interferon induced protein that may be a cytokine
- affecting the growth, movement or activation state of cells that
- participate in immune and inflammatory response.
- - Chicken 9E3 (or pCEF-4), a protein expressed constitutively in Rous Sarcoma
- virus (RSV) infected cells and which may be an autocrine factor that
- promotes the growth of fibroblasts.
- - Pig alveolar macrophage chemotactic factors I and I (AMCF-I and -II).
- - IP10, a gamma-interferon induced protein.
-
- The 'C-C' group is currently known to consist of the following proteins:
-
- - Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). MCP-1 is a chemoattractant for
- monocytes which also increases their anti-tumor activity. MCP-1 is also
- known as monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) or as JE in
- rodents.
- - Monocyte chemotactic protein 2 (MCP-2).
- - Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP-3).
- - Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1-alpha), a monokine with
- inflammatory and chemokinetic properties. MIP-1-alpha is also known as SIS-
- alpha, TY-5 or L2G25B and, in Human, as PAT 464.1 or GOS19-1.
- - Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1-beta). Also known as SIS-
- gamma, H400 and, in Human, as ACT-2 or PAT 744.
- - LD78 beta (also known as PAT 464.2 or GOS19-2).
- - SIS-delta (also known as RANTES).
- - SIS-epsilon (p500).
- - Guinea pig eotaxin, a chemotactic protein that promotes the accumulation of
- eosinophils.
- - I-309 (also known, in mouse, as TCA3), a cytokine that is chemotactic for
- monocytes but not for neutrophils.
- - Mouse protein C10.
- - Mouse protein Marc/FIC.
-
- For each of the two groups of proteins, we have developed a signature pattern
- spanning the region that includes the four conserved cysteines.
-
- -Consensus pattern: C-x-C-[LIVM]-x(5,6)-[LIVMFY]-x(2)-[RK]-x-[LIVM]-x(2)-
- [LIVM]-x(5)-[SAG]-x(2)-C-x(3)-[EQ]-[LIVM](2)-x(9,10)-C-L-
- [DN]
- [The four C's are involved in disulfide bonds]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL C-x-C.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Consensus pattern: C-C-[LIVMFY]-x(5,6)-[LIVM]-x(4)-[LIVMF]-x(2)-Y-x(2,3)-
- [GSTN](2)-x(1,2)-C-x(3,4)-[SAG]-[LIVM](2)-F-x(5)-[RKTM]-
- x(2)-C
- [The four C's are involved in disulfide bonds]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL C-C.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Oppenheim J.J., Zachariae C.O.C., Mukaida N., Matsushima K.
- Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:617-68(1991).
- [ 2] Stoeckle M.Y., Barker K.A.
- New Biol. 2:313-323(1990).
- [ 3] Wolpe S.D., Cerami A.
- FASEB J. 3:2565-2573(1989).
-